Allah instructs you concerning your children: for the male, what is equal to the share of two females. But if there are [only] daughters, two or more, for them is two thirds of one's estate. And if there is only one, for her is half. And for one's parents, to each one of them is a sixth of his estate if he left children. But if he had no children and the parents [alone] inherit from him, then for his mother is one third. And if he had brothers [or sisters], for his mother is a sixth, after any bequest he [may have] made or debt. Your parents or your children - you know not which of them are nearest to you in benefit. [These shares are] an obligation [imposed] by Allah . Indeed, Allah is ever Knowing and Wise.
Tafseer
{ يوصيكم } يأمركم { الله في } شأن { أولادكم } بما يذكر { للذكر } منهم { مثل حظ } نصيب { الأنثيين } إذا اجتمعنا معه فله نصف المال ولهما النصف فإن كان معه واحدة فلها الثلث وله الثلثان وإن انفرد جاز المال { فإن كنَّ } أي الأولاد { نساءً } فقط { فوق اثنتين فلهن ثلثا ما ترك } الميت وكذا الاثنتان لأنه للأختين بقوله { فلهما الثلثان مما ترك } فهما أولى به ولأن البنت تستحق الثلث مع الذكر فمع الأنثى أولى (وفوق) قيل صلة وقيل لدفع توهم زيادة النصيب بزيادة العدد لما فهم استحقاق البنتين الثلثين من جعل الثلث للواحدة مع الذكر { وإن كانت } المولودة { واحدة } وفي قراءة بالرفع فكان تامة { فلها النصف ولأبويه } أي الميت ويبدل منهما { لكل واحد منهما السدس مما ترك إن كان له ولد } ذكر أو أنثى ونكتة البدل إفادة أنهما لا يشتركان فيه وألحق بالولد ولد الابن وبالأب الجد { فإن لم يكن له ولد وورثه أبواه } فقط أو مع زوج { فلأمه } بضم الهمزة وكسرها فرارا من الانتقال من ضمة إلى كسرة لثقله في الموضعين { الثلث } أي ثلث المال أو ما ينبغي بعد الزوج والباقي للأب { فإن كان له إخوة } أي اثنان فصاعدا ذكورا أو إناثا { فلأمه السدس } والباقي للأب ولا شيء للأخوة وإرث من ذكر ما ذُكر { من بعد } تنفيذ { وصية يوصي } بالبناء للفاعل والمفعول { بها أو } قضاء { دين } عليه وتقديم الوصية على الدين وإن كانت مؤخرة عنه في الوفاء للاهتمام بها { آباؤكم وأبناؤكم } مبتدأ خبره { لا تدرون أيهم أقرب لكم نفعا } في الدنيا والآخرة فظان أن ابنه أنفع له فيعطيه الميراث فيكون الأب أنفع وبالعكس وإنما العالم بذلك هو الله ففرض لكم الميراث { فريضة من الله إن الله كان عليما } بخلقه { حكيما } فيما دبَّره لهم: أي لم يزل متصفا بذلك .
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